![]() ![]() The term stereolithography or 3D printing was first introduced by Prof. DeSimone during a TED talk in 2015, that is, “3D printing is actually 2D printing over and over again”. The best description of 3D printing technology was given by Prof. Three-dimensional printing, also termed additive manufacturing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects using a 3D printer guided by a computer or digital file. This document provides a cutting-edge review of the materials, applications, and challenges in 3D and 4D printing technologies. Moreover, the major challenges and developments in overcoming those challenges are addressed. The current and potential role of 3D printing in the imperative fight against COVID-19 is also discussed. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in 3D and 4D printing technologies, the available and potential materials for use, and their current and potential future applications. Although 3D printing has a highly promising future, there are still a number of challenges that must be solved before the technology can advance. Since their introduction, 3D and 4D printing technologies have extensively been used in the healthcare, aerospace, construction, and fashion industries. The created objects are able to adapt to changing environmental variables such as moisture, temperature, light, pH value, etc. Three-dimensional printing technology has the potential to fill the gaps left by the limitations of the current manufacturing technologies, and it has further become exciting with the addition of a time dimension giving rise to the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing, which essentially means that the structures created by 4D printing undergo a transformation over time under the influence of internal or external stimuli. ![]() Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has seen tremendous growth over the last three decades, and in the last five years, its application has widened significantly. In that effort, three-dimensional (3D) printing was developed that can construct 3D objects from a digital file. The scientific community is and has constantly been working to innovate and improve the available technologies in our use. ![]()
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